Third, the literature review

 Third, the literature review
economics of modern research starts from the beginning, it is the product of the industrialized West. Modernization of the political sphere, the origin can be traced back 20 years of this century, Western society as the Industrial Revolution brought the economy to an unprecedented prosperity, the concept of political change and the rapid large update from the traditional political theory by positivism and behaviorism challenges, people dissatisfied with the traditional political science achievement, especially that through history, philosophy, and the usual narrative approach derivation of conclusions. for political theory and scientific increasing demands. ambitious political scientists set off a . but because of its limitations, did not make the political science theory out of whack. has led to Almond, represented by a faction of modern political theory, turned his attention to new research areas: content, from the domestic democratic post-war politics to a large number of least developed countries gained independence political system modernization and operational issues of choice; approach, emphasizing the dynamic analysis, from different countries, the region's political development, underdevelopment and non-comparative study of the development. However, Because of its central tendency of the West, and too much emphasis on the analysis of indicators and factors, so that political modernization in the post itself, the significance of the developed countries were flooded. This article attempts to summarize the experience in the research, based on the norms of political modernization from the start of the Indian political some Chuqian modern analysis and comparison, the right of the brick for jade.
(a) on the basic theory of political modernization in developing countries
Western scholars, political modernization, is the rationalization of politics, political integration the democratization of politics, broad political participation. usually take from three point of the character and role of political modernization.
structural differentiation. the traditional political system, is always responsible for many by a few structural features have not yet differentiated; by a small some social group or individual with all the features the entire political system. And then the modern political system, there is a clear division of labor trends, the more modern political system, the more differentiated its structure. political structure was divided into the main symbol of political modernization. division aspects. differentiation is the role of structure in the reason, the old multi-functional role of change and become more specialized, resulting in many new, relatively specialized roles to form a new structure and sub-systems. times system independent , refers to the separation or the newly created role, the structure is a kind of mutual autonomy should be the premise of interdependence, coordination of network relationships. simply the emergence of new roles and structure, but no in between its such an organic relationship, then such as administrative, judicial, political parties, interest groups, trade unions, etc. The higher the autonomy, the higher the degree of political development.
ability to improve. structural differentiation means that the individual into a more specialized role, and to create that can guide them to play a limited role in the boot of these models. Thus, the structural differentiation can contribute to each individual engaged in an extremely focused on specific fine work, thus increasing the effectiveness of this work, and improve the system in general ability. Lucian exercise in communication effective. Second, the mobilization capacity. effective mobilization of national, social construction of all necessary human and material resources, reflecting public expectations, the formation of viable policies and maintain order and stability. Third, the ability to survive. Even if the political system to their own continued existence and development. mainly through political socialization, political system to maintain consistency.
Almond ability of the political system, grouped into four types of political output: First extraction capacity. refers to the political system from the domestic and international environment, withdrawal of funds, products, people and services resources; second is distribution capacity. is the political system in the distribution of wealth (such as economic products, education, health care, health, entertainment, etc.) and intangible asset (such as status, prestige, security, and common sense of such value) capacity; third control capabilities. is the ability to control activities in the political system, such as the rules and forced people to fulfill their responsibilities and obligations, to carry out a variety of useful activities, disciplinary activities, unified weights and measures and so on. Fourth, symbolic capacity. that is, the various political symbols, such as, political ceremonies, rituals, leaders of the image, the system and such celebrations, monuments, memorials, etc. to call the community to inspire enthusiasm of the masses, improve confidence and enhance the ability of courage.
secularization. is a measure of political and cultural development of the scale, is an important aspect of a political system. functioning political system were investigated at three levels of secularization process: First, from the institutional perspective, The importance of becoming the basis for legitimacy. the request is no longer demanding their awareness and use of these individuals may change the fate of the will of political opportunity. and support) the process becomes more balanced between. Third, from a policy perspective, get rid of the value orientation of the researchers. They stand in their own perspective on reality and the conditions for political modernization of the expression of content and standards, or reference to the model of Western countries, that modernization is not developed Western countries tend to model; or political modernization based on the experience of Western countries, the subjective ideas put forward; or a combination of both. The content and standards of political modernization described, at best, can only answer problem.
(b) Western scholars on the Indian political development and political modernization process of
Internationally, political modernization in India as early as 60 years academic research has made considerable achievements. The reason is India this ancient oriental country will complex collection of traditional and modern civilization came together. from the political system in the form of point of view, India is a rare replica of the British system, which fully established Western-style democratic system power. For this reason, India may, as a model for developing countries, the prospects for modern scholars to attract a large number, and the resulting a number of issues surrounding the Indian weighty written academic work. Many Western scholars from the politics of the role of the caste system in India as starting point, because it represents many of the most stubborn tradition of India. Rudolf couple monograph published in 1967, castes in the political interests play a balanced role. They pointed out that in view of the establishment at the regional, religious and ethnic traditional society based on the seriousness of the separatist tendencies, they were quickly when the political will to produce a centrifugal pressure, and the political mobilization around caste in India has helped to re-integrate the political system. In the situation of the Indian state of Orissa, made a detailed study, the German political scientist at Baylor in 1959, the author of and Social Change, , they can contact directly with the masses, the purpose is to go beyond traditional loyalty to fight for every possible voters; but in practice they encountered almost insurmountable obstacles: traffic gridlock, communication, and the voters behind the literacy rate very low. the correctness of persuasion, it is absolutely unrealistic. Compared with the previous problem, after all, a qualitative difference, it shows that modern people to further deepen the understanding, and promote people from the more realistic perspective on the modernization of the special meaning of the traditional.
my opinion, the West Modernization of Indian politics, can be attributed to three perspectives: from the perspective of comparative politics to study the issue of political change; from the overall process of political modernization perspective, highlighting the research of political events; from the perspective of political philosophy, focusing on research political system.
First, the Western political modernization of India, under the scope of comparative politics, it is mainly to study the issue of political change. abroad study of political modernization and political change is the second phase of the century, 40 .20 years since, with the collapse of the colonial system and the large number of new countries, the establishment of political change or political development in the political theory of modernization within the framework of the theory of the functional structure of the guidance mm commenced a systematic study of Century 80 .20 The political rise of modern political studies to attachment theory model, corporatist model, bureaucratic mm authoritative mode of political change and political modernization of the Soviet Union .90 years of rapid warming of political science, and social relationships mm produced a national model and strategic choice mode. National mm society mode structure of the system by examining the state, civil society and private sports development process, state and society on policy issues derived from the basic theory of the interaction point is: when the state compared to the control of social status in the leading , the entire social community to keep the original development path, even if the occurrence of institutional change, reform is a relatively orderly type of transition; the other hand, when the civil society in a dominant control position for the country when the possible collapse of the entire social community-based transition . This is a revelation of modern Indian political significance. strategic choice model is a kind of game theory-based theoretical model. is the study of political modernization in the political event itself, be regarded as various political groups or individuals based on their own interests and produce Conflict and coordination of the product. drawback of this theory ignore the history of environmental factors. it is a social theory with the national attention the reality of the political behavior of various factors and the interaction between the political system change. < br> Second, the West Indian political modernization of Indian history from the overall process of research, but I believe that this study focuses on the political discourse of modernization of India's major political events, the majority of research method used memorabilia, which is characterized by the Political Modernization in India the same time span divided into a number in each period of major political events.
Third, the Western emphasis on political philosophy from the start, the political culture, political and ideological changes in the areas of a political system in India the one hand, the thematic study. This study of the phenomenon tend to set the scope to make some basic assumptions of Western political theory tools for analysis and test of experience, or case studies, and finally made in favor of Western values judgments. Many of these works, with research. theoretical part of cultural diversity from the start of the political, historical part of the Indian Parliament before and after the development process of reform, and then use an empirical test of three specific cases, the last of the modernization of India's democratic politics to the basic value judgments. In addition, from all aspects and not focus on a thematic study of the political system, or select a few important points to study, but also common in the West of the path.
(c) of India on India's political development scholars and political modernization Research
I believe that the Indian scholars of Indian politics, showing The study is the more obvious of the two research directions.
political sociology is a research direction. the development of sociology in India has been very noticeable in the political modernization, from the direction of political sociology and political modernization in the ascendant in India. India the process of political modernization of civil society issues, social stratification and social structure and socio-economic issues such as in-depth study shows that state and society, government and people question the two traditional political science research in India is still hot. However, by India, the reading and analysis, I believe that India has not yet formed a complete theoretical system of political modernization of India's own interpretation, not even made a similar study of Western political modernization in the form of a number of patterns (such as the National mm models and strategic choices of social relations mode).
is a concern, compared with Western scholars, academics are more concerned about India's path of development issues in India, the Indian national ideology has always thinking, always trying to answer ; it is modern Indian politics during the relatively unique phenomenon. Just as Mr. Li Jingjie noted: What kind of economic system and implementation of foreign policy. the debate and not only in the place between the opposition political forces, but also between different political factions and the academic sector has also intense manner. in a pluralistic political environment, a variety of different interest groups also sought India's historic choice to impose their own foreign policies and their impact. from a deeper perspective, this debate also involves India, property l r and civilized countries, the question of attribution, which should be incorporated into the traditional civilization of India, or whether into modern civilization, or India should maintain and develop their own cultural tradition, or create a new civilization. all of these into a single focus: l What to India where r the process of political modernization and
Although Western scholars of India and Indian domestic political modernization of considerable depth, but because scholars to judge the value of holdings of common simplistic and absolute orientation. complex process of political modernization in India Several theoretical models can not be resolved. This paper stands on the position of Chinese researchers, using methodology and practice of Marxist materialist approach, focusing on logical reasoning, research methods, learn from existing research results, to explore their own Answers.
academics specializing in domestic politics in India are not many modern academic works, especially from the modern and traditional exposition of this point of view is even more rare. domestic academic research on the modernization of India more in-depth West Africa, mainly in Peking University Institute of Peking University and the Department of Oriental Languages and Literature, Institute of Asia-Pacific Academy of Social Sciences, Peking University Institute of Social Development and other units. which Shanghui Peng, Chen Fengjun, Lin Cheng Festival, Zhang, Yin Baoyun other teachers, and they guide you for the doctoral and master on this issue in depth and detailed study and discussion. their data accumulation and the level of theory have reached a considerable level. especially the Shang Huipeng teacher Hindu society, kinds of modern model African political development, Africa, Middle East and Thailand in the process of political development methods and approaches used in research for me to help India have greater political modernization. In addition, CENTRAL CHINA teacher, I study for the modernization of Indian politics, the theoretical tools and methods. common problem, Modernity and the role of political modernization in India to examine the perspective of the problem.
the thesis. topic of these papers have a certain continuity can be seen from the general overview of modern India, but due to structural defects in some of the issues appears to be too detailed, while some problems are not involved, can not fully reflect the modern face of India all the important issues. The book focuses on the inspection history of modern India, for political modernization discussed from a theoretical point of view is not enough. The book section in relation to modern Indian politics, the politics of modern India fully affirmed the achievements that political modernization in India has made great achievements, to ensure continuity and stability of India's development, despite the current political developments in India, there are many defects, but that is due to slowly varying factors in the process of modernization and rapidly varying factors in the evolution of sync a temporary phenomenon caused by time differences, for the rise of Hindu nationalism as the long-term historical perspective from the view but this is the next wave of globalization all sectors of Indian society as a defensive reactions. like India This social phenomenon caste system is gradually transformed place, which itself is also constantly adapt to modern requirements. In short, over time, Indian political modernization process problems will be solved. Therefore, political modernization of India's positive attitude positive, the prospect of political modernization of India is also optimistic. In contrast, Chen Fengjun teacher's Indian political development, political development level in India is not high. The book of modern Indian politics, especially that immature and incomplete, precisely because the fetters of traditional Indian culture caused the slow development of Indian society is the inevitable result. Indian politics The so-called system of India is India's national conditions and characteristics reflect this modern mode of the Indian and East Asian countries, compared to a modern model has great limitations. mainly in the economic inefficiency, political disorder and social development stagnation and so on. Others, such as , there is no political development of India-depth and comprehensive research and analysis, not from a cultural perspective of the Western political system can take root in India and the smooth running of the root causes. more academic research is the basic overview of modern Indian politics. This is In the reference for the results of these studies made on the basis of his argument has a certain academic innovative.
my opinion, the political study of India, domestic scholars have been discussed from many angles, such as political process, political thought, political culture, political conflict, social stratification, and the party system and parliamentary systems have a lot of depth, with particular emphasis of thought and evaluation of Nehru Nehru era. There is no doubt that with India politics of research, India should now step deeper level of understanding and grasp of politics. quite a few scholars began to pay attention and launched a study on this issue, such as from interest groups, social transformation, restructuring and other aspects of institutional thinking. These studies have been involved in political sociology, institutional economics, international political economy and other fields. However, together, from the overall process of political modernization in India to study political change in India is also relatively weak in a number of research efforts not quite enough. domestic political modernization has been involved in research topics, but these studies there is still a fragmented process of political modernization of the intrinsic link between the various systems problems. I strive to have some research in the country based on the grasp of modern Indian politics the whole process to establish the constitutional system in India and the Evolution of the in-depth study of the political changes in India.